??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? 20^? ?????

???????????? ?????????

?? ?????? ???????????? u? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??u???. ?? ???????????? ????u??? u???????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???????????? ???? ??????, ??? ????????? ?.?. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????u?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????u?? ?????u???, ????????u?? ??? ????????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? u????? ?????. ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???u????? ??????/??. ???????????? ?????? u?? ???? ??? ??????. ???' ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????.

??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??u???? ?????????? ??????? u? ?????????? 13,5 x 11 u. u? u????????? ??? ????u??? (??? ??? ????? ??? 20^?? ?????) ??????????? u? ??????????u??? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? u???u? ??????????? ???????? u? ??????u????, ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ??u??? ??? ?????? ??????? u???? ??????? ????u???. ?? 1917 ??????? ??????? ????u? ????, ??? ?? ???????????? u?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????.

? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? 1 ??? ?????. ? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????u???? ??? ? ???????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???u??? ??? ???u??? ??? ??? ???????u? ??? ????????????? ??????????.

??????????

???????? ??????u? (???????? - ????????????)

??? ????? ?? ????? u???u?? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????, ?? ?????u???, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? u????? ??????? ??? ????????? (?????, ?????????) ???? ??? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???u??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????u?? ??? ???????.  ????????, ?? ??????u??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? u? ??? ???????????. ???? ??? ????? ?u?u???u? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????u?? ????????? u? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????. ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????u???? ?? ????????? ?????u???, ???????u???? u? ??? ?????????????????? ??? ??? ?????u???? ??? ????????? ??????u??? ?????????, ??? ??? 12^? ??? 13^? ?????. (????u? u???u?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ?? 1480).

?? ?u?u? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? (1204 – 1430) ???? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? 1430, ?? ?????????? ?? ????u?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? u??? ???? ???u????? ???????????? ?? ?? 1478. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????u???? ??? ???????? ?????????????, ?????? ? ?????? u??????????, ???? ??? ??u?????? ????, ?? ????????? u??? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????u??, ?????????? ??? ????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? u?????????? ?? u????? ??? ???u?????? ?????????????.

???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (??????u??????) ???? ??????????? ?????u??, ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? u????? ????????????. ? ?????u???? ???? u?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???u? ??? ??????????? ??? ???u?????? ?????????, ??? ????? u??? ???????? u??? ??? ??????? ????u??????? ??? ????????, ??? ???u????.

?u?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? 1560 ?? ?????u???u?. ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? u????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? u???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ??u???????? ??????? ????u??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? u? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????????, u??? ??? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ????????, ???’ ?????? ?? ??? ???????, ???????? ??? ????????, ???? ???????????? ????????????. 

18^?? – 19^?? ??????

?? ?????????? ????????? ?? u????????? ??????u???, ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? u??? ??? 18^?? u???? ??? ????? ??? 19^?? ????? (1750 -  1821). ?? ?????u?? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????u???? ?????????????? ??? ?u??????? ??????????, ??? ??u??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????u??, u? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????.

( ? ???????? ??? ?u?????? ???? ?? ????????, ??u???? u? ??? W. Leak, ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????. ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????u???? ??? ??????u??? ??? ??????????.)

?? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? u? ??? ?????????, ? ????? u? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??u?????? ?????????? ???????? u??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? u?????? ????u? ??? ?? ????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???u?????? ??? ????????, ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?u?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????u?, ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????u?????????? ?? ??? ?? u??????? (???????, ??????, ?????, ???????, ??????). ?? ??? u??????????? ??? ???u????, ????? ??? ??? ???u????u? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? u???? ??? ???????????????.

????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????u????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????u??? u???????? u? ???? ??????????, ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??u??????? ?? u????? ???u? ???? ???????? ??? ?u??????.

????? ??????????, ????? ??? ???? ????????????, ????????u? ??? ??????? ???u????????? – ?u??????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ???’ ????? ??? ?u????? ???????????? ???u???? ??? ??? ??? ??? 18^? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? u?????? ????u???, ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????.

??? ????? ???? 18^?? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?u?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?u?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?u??????? ????? : ? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ? ??????? ??? ??. ????????? ???? ????????, ?? ???? ???u?????, ?? ???? ?????u? ??? ? ?. ???????? ??? ???????, ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???????, ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ??u???? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?u?????? ???????u??? ?? ????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?u????? ?? ???u??????????, ????? ?? ?u????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ??????u??? ?????? ??????????? u? ?? ???????. ?? ??????u?? ????????, ???u????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????u?. ????????? ??????????? u? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? u????? ??????? ?? ????????????.

??? ?u?u? ??? ??????u??, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????u??? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? u? ?? ?u?????, ?????????? u? ??? ???u??????. ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??u?? ????. ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????u????? ???u??????? ????????????? ??? ???u??? ??????????u??? ??? 18^?? ??? ??? ????? ??? 19^?? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????, ????? ????, ???????, ?????? ??? ???????.

???? ?? ???????? ??? 19^?? ????? ? ????? ??? ???u??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?’ ???? ?? u??? ???? ??? u??? ?? 1821. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???u???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ??? ???????, ???????????? ??? ????u????? ???? ???????, ????? (Nessi) ??? ???????? (Bulgari) ???? ?????? ????? u?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??u???.

? ??????u??? ???????? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ???u??????? u??? ?????????? ???????u?????? u? ???? ????????? ??? ??????u??? ????, ? ????? ????????? ???? ????u??? ??? ??? ??? ???u?. ? ??????u??? ??u????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????u???? ???????. ??u???? u? ???????? ??? 1820, ?? u???u?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? 3.000, ????u?? ??u??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???u??? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????.

? ??????u???, ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??u??????? u? ??? ????u?????. ? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????u?? ?????? u???? ???. ? ???u?? ? ???????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? (1770-1779) ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??? ???u???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???u??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ????? u????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???u??? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????u??? ??????.

??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? u??u???????? ??? ?? 1758. ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 1821 ??? ??????? ???? ?? 1828, u? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????. ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? (1805-1812) ??? ? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? (1790), ? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???uu??? ??? ??? ???u? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????? u???????? ?????? ?? 1821 ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ?????u??? ?? ?u????, ???? ???????? ??????.

??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ? ?????. ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 18^?? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????.

?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? u? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???. ? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???u??? u? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???u? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??u??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????????, ? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ?u????? ??? ???????u? ??? u???? ??? ??????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?? ??u??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ???????u??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????.

?? ?????????? W. Leak ??? F. Pouqueville, ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? 19^?? ?????, ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???u??? ??? ????u??, ??? ???????u?, ??? ?????? ??????u??, ??? ??u? ??? ?u??????, ???? u????u????? ?????????, ??? u??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??u?? ??? ???u?????????? ??? u?????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? u? ?????? ??????uu??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ? ?????? ???????? u?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? u???u? ????? (?????????). ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????u???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ?? ???????? ??u????????? ???????????? ??? ????????, u?? ??????? ??? ??u?????u? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? u??? ??? 18^?? u???? ??? ????? ??? 19^?? ????? ???????? ???????u?, ??????? ??? ???? ?????????, ??????u??? ??? ???????u??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???u?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??u??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.

? ??????????? ??? ??????u??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????u? ??? ??? ?????u??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???u?????, ?? ????? ???????????? u???? ?? 1803, ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????u?? ???? ??? ?u???? ?????????? ??????????.

???? ????? ??? 19^?? ?????, ? ????????????? ????u?? (1806) ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????u??? ??? ????? ????? ??? u? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????, ???? ?? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????u?????? ?? ?????u??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? (??????) (1807) ??? ?? ?u???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? – ?????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???. ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????u??? ??? ?u??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????, u??? u? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1821.

???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? (1821), ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? (??????????, ??????? ???? ??? ???u????) u? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ? ???????? 500 ??????? ??? ??? ?u????u ???u???, ??? ???? ????? ?? u????? ??????? ? ??????????? u????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??? ?u??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????. ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??????? ?????u?????? ?????????? ?? ?u????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????, ???u??????? ??????????  ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ????u? ??? ??? ?????????, u? ?????????? ??? ??u?? u???, ??? ???????? u? ???? ?????? ??? ???u???. ?? ????????, ???? ??????u???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? u?????, ???????? u??? ???? ??? ??????u? u?????? ?? u????????? ??? ???u?????????? ??? ?? ?????. ? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ?? ???u???? ??? ?? ??????? ????u???????? ?? ?????, ???????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?’ ?????? ??? ???????. ? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???u??u????u??? ??? ???????? : «??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?’ ?????? ?? u??? ?? ?u????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ???? ???u???.» ??? ? ??????????????? ??u???????? «... ??? ??? ?????? u???????????.».

?? ?????u?????? ???????? ?? u?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????????? u??? ???? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ??? 18^?? ????? ????? ??? u???????????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??uu???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????, ???? ???????????????, u???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ????u???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????????, ????u????? ??? ??u????. ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ??????u????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??u??? ??????u??? ??????? ??? ?????????.

?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???u???, ???? ???? ????u???? ??? 1821 ????u????? ??????? 500 ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1831 ?????????????? u??? 26 ??? ?????, ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????. ?? ??? ???????? (u???????????) ??? ????????? ?? 1822 ??? ?? 1826 (???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????) ??? ?u?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????. ? u????? ????u?? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????u???? ????? u?? ??? ????. ? ????????????? ??????? u? ???????? ??? ?????? ???u???. ?????? ?? 1828 ????u? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????.

???? u????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ??uu????? ?? ???????????? ????u???, ?????u???? ?? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??u?????? u???? ???? ?????????? ??????? – ????????? ?? 1854. ??????? ??uu????? ????????????, ???? ??? u??? ??? ?????????? ??? 1854, ????????? u? ???? u??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????. ? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?u????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????????? u???u? ??? u??? ??? ???? ???????????.

???’ ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? 19^?? ????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? u? u???u??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? u? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? u??????? ?????, ?????? u?? ????? ???? ?u?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????u????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?u??????, u? ????????u? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????u???????? ?????????.

?? ??????????, ? u???u? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???u??? ??? ?????? ??? ???u????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????u???? ?????????, ??? ???u????, ??? u?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? u???????????? ??? u????? u???u? ????, ???? ? ???????? ??? ??????u???? ??? ???????u???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ???u?????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ????????, ???? ????u???? ?????? ?? ???????u? ??? ??????????.

???? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????u?? ???? ??? ?u??????????????? ??? 18^?? ?????. ? ??????? ???????? ??u?????u????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?? 1870 ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????u??, ?? ????????u? ??? ??????u???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????u???? ???u???? ????? ?????? u????????????. ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????u??? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??u????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? 19^?? ?????. ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??u?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????, u? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????u?, ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? 1881. ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ? ????????? u??? u? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??u??? ??? ???????? ????u?????, u? ??????u? 1843 ???u? ??u???? u? ??? ???????? ??? 1881.

?? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?', ? ?????? ????u???? ????? ?u???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?. ???????? ? ???' ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????.

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? u? ???????????? ?’ ?????, ??????u??? ????u?, ??????????? (1882/3) ??? ???????u??? ?????????, u? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??u????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? 1883. ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? u? ????? ???????? ??? ?. ?????????, ????? ??? ??u?????.

20^?? ??????

?? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???uu? ??? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??uu??????? ???? ??????? ???u????????. ??uu??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????. ?? 1906 ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? u? ????? ??? ???????u???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????. ???????? ??? 30^?? ?u?u???? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???u????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????u?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????, u??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? u??? ??? ??????? ??????????.

???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? (1913) ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??u? ????????? (1925) ?? ????????? ??????????, u??? u? ??? ?????u? ??u?????? ? ??????? (??u??? ??????). ?? 1930, u? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? u? ??u??????? ??? ???? ?????u????? ?? ????? ?????? (???????????????) ??? ??? ?????????? ??? 1821.

??? ????u? ??? 1940-41 ??? ??? ???u????? ?????? ????????? u? ?????? ?????????? ????????, u? ??????u???? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??u????????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?u????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ????u????? ?? ?????????? ??uu??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????. ???? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????u??, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????u?? ??? ??? ???????.

?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????u?? ??? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? u????????? ???????? 1950-60 ?? ????????? ??????u???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ??????? ??u? ?????????? ??? u???????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? u? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? u? ??? ???????????. ? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???, u???? ?? ????? ??? ????u???? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???????, u? ??????? u?????? ??????? ???????? ?? 1981.

???? u???? u?? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???u? ??? ????, ????? ????? u?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??u? ?. ????u????? u? ???? ?? ???u????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?u????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ?????u??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???.

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